There is one definition for inflation in this context. It’s linked in my post above. If someone chooses to subscribe to a different definition they are incorrect and their subsequent points are likely incorrect.

The money the Fed has “printed” has mostly gone to shore up the balance sheets of large banks. Using your simple economy example if the new money supply was buried in my backyard or in some other inaccessible location (such as a banks deposit account at the Fed) it has no effect on the price of the goods.