The basic functions of the Department of the Treasury include:

* Managing federal finances;
* Collecting taxes, duties and monies paid to and due to the U.S. and paying all bills of the U.S.;
* Producing all postage stamps, currency, and coinage;
* Managing government accounts and the United States public debt;
* Supervising national banks and thrift institutions;
* Advising on domestic and international financial, monetary, economic, trade and tax policy – fiscal policy being the sum of these, and the ultimate responsibility of Congress.
* Enforcing Federal finance and tax laws;
* Investigating and prosecuting tax evaders, counterfeiters, forgers, smugglers, illicit spirits distillers, and gun law violators.
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With respect to the estimation of revenues for the executive branch, Treasury serves a purpose parallel to that of the Office of Management and Budget for the estimation of spending for the executive branch, the Joint Committee on Taxation for the estimation of revenues for Congress, and the Congressional Budget Office for the estimation of spending for Congress.